FROM BARBARISM TO CIVILIZATION

Helping the poor emerge from "urban barbarism to civic civilization": public bathhouses in America, 1890-1915.

In an era when the luxury of private bathrooms had not yet been made widely available to the masses, local charities and municipal governments worked feverishly to construct public bathhouses. Reformers, including city officials, engineers, physicians, and members of the clergy, increased the number of public bath facilities across America from a mere six in 1894 to 49 by 1904. The urban poor t...

Barbarism/Modernity: notes on barbarism

Building civilization starts from childhood.

In his introductory presentation to the Forth Conference of the Sudan Association of Paediatricians (SAP) [1], which was held in Port Sudan (15th-16th February 1975), and in the President Speech (in Arabic) [2], the late Professor Mahmoud Mohamed Hassan [3] emphasized that investment on child welfare is rewarded by prosperity of a nation, as has been acknowledged and implemented by Developed Co...

A Challenge to Civilization.

MER. Recent Deaths ......................... Science News.14 Scientific Events: The Spring Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; Expedition to Nyasaland of the American Museum of Natural SCIENCE: A Weekly Journal, since 1900 the official History; Predoctoral Fellowships in the Natural organ of the American Association for the Advancement Sciences; News from Abroad ...

PassivityÐthe key to our metals-based civilization*

Humankind has been able to develop a metals-based civilization primarily because the reactive metals (Fe, Ni, Cr, Al, Ti, Zr, . . .) exhibit extraordinary kinetic stabilities in oxidizing environments. From the time of Schonbein and Faraday (1830s), the reason for this stability has been attributed to the existence of a thin reaction product ®lm on the metal (or alloy) surface. This ®lm effecti...